European hospitals, marking the end of the second and

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The company that originally invented the patented drug tries to maximize its profits before the patent expires. Once the patent expires, competitors will start producing drugs with the same composition and pharmacological activity. Currently, almost 80% of antibiotics are not patented, which reduces their price.



Staphylococcus aureus resistance
Staphylococcus aureus is susceptible to almost every antibiotic ever developed, including Fleming's penicillin. But by the mid-1940s, the bacterium had become resistant to it and over the next decade became a serious problem for society. This was the first wave of the fight against infection.

The second wave began in 1959, when methicillin was discovered. However, resistance to it also quickly developed.

Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. MRSA — methicillin-resistant staphylococci — pose a threat to the entire population. They are insensitive to penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.

MRSA was first isolated from a patient in the UK in 1960.

By the 1970s, clones of the strain were circulating in hospitals taiwan number data throughout Europe. There have also been isolated reports of MRSA in hospitals in the United States.

By the 1980s, for reasons unknown, archaic MRSA strains had largely disappeared from beginning of the third wave of antibiotic research.

In the late 1970s, outbreaks of MRSA infections were reported in hospitals in the United States. By the mid-1980s, they had become endemic, meaning they were specific to that area. They then spread around the world, leading to a worldwide MRSA hospital pandemic that continues to this day.



Because the infection spread so quickly, vancomycin, the only antibiotic to which Staphylococcus aureus remained sensitive, was used against it . Thus ended the third wave and began the fourth.

In the early 1990s, community-acquired cases of CA-MRSA were found in Western Australia. In the United States, the first such cases were found in healthy children in 1997-1999. They were not at risk for MRSA and died from a creeping infection, suggesting that they were pathogenic strains of MRSA. As in Australia, these CA-MRSA were not related to hospital strains and were susceptible to most antibiotics.